A study of communication strategies employed by Chinese EFL learners Literature review

An investigation of correspondence techniques utilized by Chinese EFL students in oral settings - Literature survey Example ?....14 2.4 Communication Problems of Chinese EFL Learners†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 1. Acquaintance For correspondence with happen, a message should be moved from the sender to the recipient. Be that as it may, once in a while the correspondence procedure may separate when the proposed message neglects to be sent to the recipient. In those circumstances, the speaker will attempt to take care of the issue and restore the discussion by receiving certain procedures. These procedures are regularly known as â€Å"communication strategies† (CSs). It was a term right off the bat begat by Selinker (1972) in his paper on â€Å"Interlanguage†. Selinker considered these systems as one of the five procedures vital to second lang uage learning. All language clients need correspondence procedures to assist them with passing on their proposed meaning. ... The time imperatives of normally happening discussions force an amazingly substantial weight on these students, compelling them to recover fitting TL things from their memory and react rapidly. As guaranteed by Wagner and Firth (1997), â€Å"CS is a conspicuous component in discourse creation and in this way a significant component in regular discourse† (p. 342). 1.1 Definitions In the previous three decades, a lot of academic exploration and conversation has been created on the nature, scientific classifications and utilization of CSs (Dornyei and Scott, 1997). For such huge numbers of years, be that as it may, the meaning of CSs has still stayed dubious. Despite the fact that Selinker was the first to advance the term â€Å"communication strategy†, he didn't dive profound into the idea of such systems. The initial ones to give a meaning of CS were Tarone and her partners (1976), who characterized it as â€Å"a methodical endeavor by the student to communicate or unra vel importance in the objective language, in circumstances where the proper precise objective language rules have not been formed† (p. 78). Additionally, Tarone (1980) stressed that â€Å"CS identify with a common endeavor of conversationalists to concede to an importance in circumstances where essential significance structures don't appear to be shared† (p. 420). This definition presents an interactional point of view. In Tarone’s words, â€Å"communication methodologies are viewed as devices utilized in a joint arrangement of significance where the two conversationalists are endeavoring to concur concerning an informative goal† (p. 420). Basically, it implies that the two players in the correspondence procedure attempt to settle on importance by changing their viewpoints to see only one significance them two comprehend, and this may remember some fix components for the breakdown of

What to See in Texas for Architecture Enthusiast

What to See in Texas for Architecture Enthusiast Denison, Texas, on the outskirt with Oklahoma, would have stayed a languid little railroad town in the event that it hadnt been for Dwight David Eisenhower being conceived there. The Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site is only one of the many off the beaten path spots to visit in Texas.The home condition of previous Presidents Bush and Bush (father and child) has significantly more than oil and steers fields. For voyagers who are design fans, heres a determination of memorable structures and inventive new development in Texas. Visiting Houston The Transco Tower, the 1983 milestone high rise planned by Philip Johnson, is currently known as the Williams Tower, the tallest high rise around. Another high rise structured by Johnson and his partner John Burgee is the structure currently known as the Bank of America Center, a 1984 case of fun loving postmodernism. Houston has memorable high rises from the 1920s and a Hilton planned by Pritzker Laureate I.M. Pei. NRG (Reliant) Park, including the Houston Astrodome and Reliant Stadium, is the spot to see the universes first domed games arena. Rice University Stadium on the grounds of Rice University stays probably the best case of a cutting edge, outdoors football field. Visiting Dallas †Fort Worth Enormous D engineering is notable, social, and genuinely an American blend understanding. The Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge over the Trinity River was planned by Spanish planner Santiago Calatrava. Dutch modeler Rem Koolhaas helped planned a completely versatile, present day theater space called the Dee and Charles Wyly Theater. In 2009 the British designer Sir Norman Foster made an innovative, customary setting for the Arts District when he planned the Winspear Opera House. Chinese-American I.M. Pei structured Dallas City Hall. The Perot Museum of Nature and Science was planned by another Pritzker-champ, American planner Thom Mayne.â The George W. Hedge Presidential Library was planned by postmodernist planner Robert A.M. Harsh. Straightforward Lloyd Wrights last home developed before his passing was the John A. Gillin House, yet that isn't Wrights just imprint on Dallas - the Kalita Humphreys Theater, otherwise called the Dallas Theater Center, was planned by Frank Lloyd Wright, who apparently stated, This structure will one day mark the spot where Dallas once stood. History twirls close Dealey Plaza as the spot in Dallas where President John Kennedy was killed; Philip Johnson structured the JFK Memorial. Outside exercises in Dallas can rotate around the Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas - or any number of exercises in the notable workmanship deco structures at Fair Park. Multi-social craftsman Volf Roitman carried another style of workmanship to Dallas, a worldwide development known as MADI (Movement Abstraction Dimension Invention). Its striking geometric structures are in plain view at the Museum of Geometric and MADI Art.â The MADI is the main historical center committed to MADI craftsmanship and the essential purpose of center for the MADI development in the United States. Articulated mah-DEE, MADI is a cutting edge craftsmanship development known for splendid hues and striking geometric structures. In engineering, figure, and painting, MADI workmanship utilizes plentiful circles, waves, circles, curves, spirals, and stripes. MADI thoughts are likewise communicated in verse, music, and move. Perky and extravagant, MADI workmanship centers around objects instead of what they mean. The offbeat blends of shapes and hues are dynamic and liberated from representative implications. Bill and Dorothy Masterson, long lasting supporters of expressions of the human experience, were captivated when craftsman Volf Roitman acquainted them with the bright and overflowing MADI development. The Mastersons became eager gatherers of MADI works of art and invested energy with the developments originator, Carmelo Arden Quin. At the point when Mr. Mastersons law office moved to a 1970s customer facing facade fabricating, the Mastersons chose to change over the principal floor into a craftsmanship historical center and exhibition dedicated to MADI workmanship. The structure faã §ade, planned by Volf Roitman, turned into a festival of MADI with geometric structures laser-cut out of stirred, cold-moved steel and powder covered in splendid hues. The brilliant boards are forever rushed to the current structure. Roitmans curved sunken shapes and energetic structures made a delectable, practically florid skin for the once plain, two-story building. The scene, goods, and lighting additionally reflect Roitmans MADI-ist thoughts. Visiting San Antonio The Alamo. Youve heard the expression, Remember the Alamo. Presently visit the structure where the notorious fight occurred. The Spanish Mission likewise assisted with offering ascend to the Mission Style of home structure. La Villita Historical District is a unique Spanish settlement, clamoring with shops and craftsman studios. San Antonio Missions. Missions San Jose, San Juan, Espada, and Concepcion were worked over the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years. Spanish Governors Palace. Built in 1749, the structure was the Governors Place when San Antonio was the capital of Texas. Visiting College Station George Bush Library, Presidential Library of the forty-first President of the United StatesCollege of Architecture, Texas A M UniversityThe Texas AM Bonfire Memorial: A dedication stands where once twelve understudies lost their lives and a lot more were harmed as they assembled a Bonfire before a football match-up. Find out about a custom turned out badly. Additionally in Texas You can't go inside these exclusive homes, however Texas is loaded up with fascinating habitations deserving of drive-by photography: Amarillo: Sterling Kinney House by Frank Lloyd WrightBunker Hill: William L. Thaxton Jr. House by Frank Lloyd Wright Plan Your Texas Itinerary For voyages through noteworthy Texas design, visit the National Register of Historic Places. Youll discover maps, photos, verifiable data, and travel proposals. Source Photograph of the MADI Museum and Gallery Building at Dusk  © Volf Roitman

Understanding Research With Children And Young People

Questions: 1.1 Explain why viable correspondence is significant in creating constructive associations with youngsters, youngsters and grown-ups 1.2 Explain the standards of relationship working with youngsters, youngsters and grown-ups 1.3 Explain how unique social, proficient and social settings may influence connections and the manner in which individuals convey 2.1 Explain the abilities expected to speak with youngsters and youngsters 2.2 Explain how to adjust correspondence with kids and youngsters for: a) the age of the kid or youngster 2.2 Explain how to adjust correspondence with kids and youngsters for: b) the setting of the correspondence 2.2 Explain how to adjust correspondence with kids and youngsters for: c) Communication contrasts 2.3 Explain the primary contrasts between speaking with grown-ups and speaking with youngsters and youngsters 2.4 Explain how to adjust correspondence to meet diverse correspondence needs of grown-ups 2.5 Explain how to oversee conflicts with kids, youngsters and grown-ups 3.1 Summarize the primary concerns of enactment and techniques covering classification, information security and the divulgence of data 3.2 Explain the significance of consoling youngsters, youngsters and grown-ups of the classification of shared data and the constraints of this 3.3 Justify the sorts of circumstance when privacy conventions must be penetrated. Answers: 1.1 Explain why viable correspondence is significant in creating constructive associations with kids, youngsters and grown-ups. Compelling correspondence is basic to creating examples of constructive associations with individuals of differed age gatherings. The upgrade of correspondence between individuals expands their self-exposure that proportionally prompts the arrangement of positive inspiration and expectation among the people (Guerrero, et al., 2014, pp. 131-132). This improvement of self-exposure happens progressively with predictable correspondence as confirm by social entrance hypothesis (Croucher, 2016, p. 54). The advancement of relational connections between people basically relies upon the examples of their direction with one another. This direction stays shallow at the underlying phase of correspondence; be that as it may, the exploratory period of social infiltration comes into the image as and when people casually share additional data about themselves just as their families. Besides, stable exchange of data between youthful people and kids brings about the advancement of solid connections th rough open correspondence. Proof based research writing advocates the conflict crediting to the improvement of psychosocial capability of small kids with the advancement of positive connections through successful correspondence (Walton Goddard, 2012, p. 140). This further prompts the improvement of their prosperity and social turn of events. The advancement of positive associations with kids especially requires the affirmation of their musings, recognitions, sentiments, disputes and thoughts while regarding their feelings with a positive methodology. In any case, elevated level of non-verbal and verbal relational abilities required for successfully understanding the point of view of individuals of various age bunches with regards to designing positive associations with them over the network condition. 1.2 Explain the standards of relationship working with kids, youngsters and grown-ups. Standards of relationship building warrant the successful incorporation of youthful people and youngsters in different research exercises while giving them chances to communicate their perspectives and ends on different cultural issues (Clark, et al., 2014, pp. 70-72). The acknowledgment of outward appearances, non-verbal communication and individual motions brings about achieving knowledge in regards to the implicit affirmations (of kids and youthful people) that encourage the procedure of the advancement of trust and sympathy prompting the foundation of solid psychosocial connections. The assessment of the groups of kids and grown-ups helps in effectively following their social condition and strength limit with regards to helping the powerless people tested with the troublesome familial conditions (DeBell, 2016, p. 124). This people group help brings about the advancement of dynamic associations with the youthful people over the network condition. Treatment of people with deference and respect while assessing their desires helps in viably captivating them in different learning forms that correspondingly brings about the advancement of trust with adolescents and grown-ups (Edmond Price, 2012, pp. 146-149). This foundation of trust fills in as a structure hinder in designing long haul associations with the people. Moreover, the association of cultural occasions and social exercises and drawing in the adolescents and grown-ups in these happenings persuades them towards achieving self-improvement that resultantly prompts the foundation of productive associations with these people. 1.3 Explain how extraordinary social, proficient and social settings may influence connections and the manner in which individuals convey. Proof based research writing advocates the discoveries crediting to the impact of conduct and social examples among people of different age bunches in the degree of their relational connections (Mikami, et al., 2010). Moreover, the impact of the commitment of youthful grown-ups with the long range informal communication destinations impacts their relational connections with regards to cross-situational coherence. The positive impact of strong remarks by different friend bunches through person to person communication improves the relationship designs between people over the network condition. The calling of people displays constructive and contrary effects on the correspondence designs and relational connections between the people. The people of different age gatherings while cooperating build up the examples of balanced and corresponding correspondence at work environment. This outcomes in the augmentation of help between individuals; be that as it may, the distinctions in singular q ualities, conflicts and convictions among people then again end up being the greatest deterrents in setting up sound connections for a more extended residency (Dainton Zelley, 2015, p. 70). Moreover, the social impacts on the estimations of people obviously influence their passionate control that correspondingly drives their correspondence procedure prompting variety in relational connections (Mauss Butler, 2010). Research discoveries expand the dispute ascribing to the variety in want of people in looking for proficient help (for achieving individual necessities) with regards to their psychosocial and social contrasts (Mojaverian, et al., 2013). This distinction in the social mentalities of individuals considered as an immediate capacity of socially incited examples of relational connections between the people. 2.1 Explain the aptitudes expected to speak with kids and youngsters. Creating powerful examples of correspondence with kids and youthful people requires the procurement of expert mentality and style for setting up sound associations with them over the network condition. The acknowledgment of words articulated by kids helps in understanding their emotions and musings while assessing their observations during the correspondence procedure (Glasper, et al., 2015, p. 61). The uneasiness and defensive mentality of youngsters requires a comprehension with regards to creating dynamic associations with them through the procedure of correspondence. The speculation of impressive time with kids exceptionally required for understanding their conditions and assessing the effect of natural impacts on their conduct and advancement. Keeping in touch with damaged kids and use of non-verbal correspondence style helps in setting up a restorative relationship with them over the network condition. The association of different play exercises for kids encourages the expansio n in their regard for the correspondence procedure prompting their psychosocial and social improvement. The use of emblematic, visual and socially important correspondence directs aids psychological upgrade of kids and youthful people (Ross, 2011, p. 47). These compelling correspondence channels use the exercises ascribing to expressions and art, composing, verse, pretends, polls and PC games for successfully captivating with the youths for a reliably longer residency. 2.2 Explain how to adjust correspondence with youngsters and youngsters for: a) The age of the youngster or youngster Commencement and foundation of viable correspondence designs with kids and youths require conquering the age hindrance while changing the line of correspondence for achieving the attractive results. Unexpressed reactions of youngsters crediting to empathy, appall, outrage, misery, sadness, help and stun require significant following through verbal and non-verbal correspondence for alleviating the sentiment of disregard and antagonism over the network condition (Winter, 2011, p. 47). The act of physical contact and giving consolation to the more youthful people starts the sentiment of security inside them as they keep on speaking with their companions and friends. Besides, use of diversion and examples of undivided attention during correspondence with the youths of different age bunches helps in building up their trust and certainty that lead to their psychosocial improvement (Dunhill, et al., 2009). Cooperation with preschool kids through the narrating movement spurs them conside

Marketing Strategy of the Red Bull Brand in Singapore - 3025 Words

Marketing Strategy of the Red Bull Brand in Singapore (Coursework Sample) Content: Marketing Strategy [Name] [Course] [Instructor] [Date] Executive Summary This report is an evaluation of the marketing strategy of the Red Bull brand in Singapore. The brand and company have been around for a long time since the year 1987. Their mission vision, mission, and current objectives are all in line to serve the energy drinks market with high quality products. The companys most important resources are its workforce, technology infrastructure, brand equity, and their physical location in the country. The SWOT analysis conducted in this report indicates that the companies have many significant strengths than it has weaknesses. At the same time, it has opportunities in the environment that it faces threats. The external environment was also analyzed by using the PESTLE tool which suggested that the Singaporean environment is a good atmosphere for the operations of the company and brand. The Red Bull brand mainly draws its competitive advantage by offering a high quality drink with much fewer health effects. The marketing plan of the firm is based on three strategies which are differentiation, cost leadership, and diversification. The market of Red Bull is segmented into three groups of customers which are athletes, sports enthusiasts, and the youth. The 4 ps of marketing seem to favor the strategic moves made by the company by having the right distribution network, price, advertising strategies, and designing a high quality product. In conclusion, the Red Bull brand is well positioned to take over Singapore and advance its sales and returns to add value to its company. Contents Executive Summary.. 2 Introduction.. 4 Internal Analysis. 4 Vision.. 4 Mission.. 5 Objectives. 5 Resources of Red Bull Company.. 5 STP Analysis of the company.. 6 External Analysis. 7 MACRO: PESTLE Analysis of company.. 7 Political 7 Economic. 7 Social 7 Technological 8 Legal 8 Ecological 8 SWOT Analysis. 9 MICRO: Competitions of company [Porters 5] 10 Competition from Rivals. 10 Bargaining Power of Suppliers. 11 Bargaining Power of Customers. 11 Power of Substitutes. 11 Threats of New Entrants. 11 Competitive Advantage [Unique Selling Proposition] 12 Evaluation of Current Marketing Strategy.. 13 Segmentation Targeting and Positioning (Strength + Opportunities) 13 Segmentation.. 13 Positioning.. 14 Recommended Objectives and Goals. 14 Marketing Strategies (The 4 ps) 15 Product. 15 Price. 15 Promotion.. 16 Grannt Chart Monitoring.. 16 Conclusion.. 17 References. 18 Introduction Red Bull company is the manufacturer and marketer of the Red Bull energy drink. The headquarter of the company is at Austria but the company has extended its reach to Europe, Asia, and also other global markets. Red Bull is an energy drink mostly used in Singapore compared to other available energy drink brands in the market. Though Red Bull is global, the local advertisement in the country is what makes it more attractive to the local consumers (Red Bull Company, 2016). The brand is there to stay in the market due to recorded sales made which have good prospect. The industry of energy drinks is much contested in the world. There are many brands that keep coming up claiming to provide energy to its consumers (Cruz, et al. 2015, p.112). The trick is in providing the much desired energy without compromising the health status and prospects of the customers. For this reason, intensive market and product design research are what make a brand and company edge against its rivals. The rate of competition in the market is intense and projections indicate that there will be more of these battles in future. Even though there are health concerns about taking energy drinks, evidence suggests that it has not affected the growth of demand (Bianchi Mathews 2016, p.172). Essentially, the Singaporean demand for energy drinks grows almost similarly relative to the population growth, which has also been quite consistent. Internal Analysis Vision Red Bulls vision is to become a premier provider of energy drinks in the world Mission Red Bulls mission is to provide energy drinks to the Asian, European, and other global markets by partnering with other stakeholders that would make that dream come true Objectives Regarding people: It seeks to become a place where people can work together in harmony and have the highest form of inspiration while at it. Regarding portfolio: To bring to the world a combination of products that are attractive to the world and caters to the tastes of its customers. Partners: Create and nurture a network of customers, suppliers, and create a winning team out of such networks. Profit: To maximize the profitability of the company in each consecutive financial year and exceed the financial expectations of shareholders. Productivity: Red Bull seeks to be a highly efficient company that is lean, effective, and fast moving relative to other energy drinks manufacturers. Resources of Red Bull Company The following is the list of the resources (tangible and intangible) that Red Bull Company has to help it pursue its objectives. Technological infrastructure which includes machinery and equipment that the company uses to build its competitive advantage Well-Motivated staff who work tirelessly to help the firm attain its goals Physical location where it can access markets Brand Equity the firm and its products are quite popular in the country and region STP Analysis of the company The company is mainly engaging in the differentiation strategy whereby it seeks to position its products differently from other brands in the energy drinks market. First and foremost, their pricing strategy dictates higher prices in the market relative to other brands. Another differentiation strategy is the quality that they offer. With this approach, they use their high financial performance as the strength to push this agenda. They hire high quality production teams to ensure that the quality is upheld to justify its higher-than-average prices. They also use their competent personnel to drive sales and conquer new and emerging markets such as the youth in Singapore. To beat the nightmare of competition, the company facilitates reinforcement of there distribution system. The distribution system is part of the strength which makes them stronger in influencing the brand market. Also, the company engages in intensive advertisement which continuasly rebrands themselves according to the market of Singapore. The company also engages in promosional activities that helps in making people in country to know about the product. The promotion is achieved through road-shows which is scheduled after every six months hence leading to increased market share held in the company. Finally, introduction of new variants of Red Bull in the market the company undertakes research of the market. There exists five variants currently and at end of the year the Red Bull company wishes to introduce extra brand. More research are being carried out by the company to make Red Bull product more healthier to consumers. The increase of quality is enhanced by reducing caffeine amount in the drink and also retaining the energy effects which the consumer expects from the products. External Analysis MACRO: PESTLE Analysis of company Political The political atmosphere in Singapore is quite calm. It is very difficult to hear of political unrest in the city and country. This is the reason that has led to several investors opting to establish their businesses in Singapore. Elections and other political activities are not significantly controversial to raise the attention of international players. This environment is suitable for business establishments such as the one held by Red Bull Company (Jamison 2005, p.290). Economic Economic indicators are also good as they favor the business that Red Bull Company is doing at the time. There is high demand during peak season which is mostly throughout the year. The incomes of the populations are said to be high enough the locals to afford the products offered by the firm. Corporate clients also are profitable enough to consider the special products that are provided by the firm (Verhoef, et al. 2009, p.334). Social The community of Singapore is one that is tidy and loves packaged products. This culture of organization and tidiness makes Red Bull an attractive product to consume. It makes them feel good due to the high quality packaging that it has (Demishkevich 2015, p.104). Technological Singapore has quite advanced technological infrastructure that is at the disposal of businesses such as Red Bull Company. It helps businesses to be more efficient in the production and marketing of the goods and services that they offer to customers (Laszlo 2015, p.1037). Legal The legal environment is favorable to the packaging industry. The only requirements are that such firms need to obtain business licenses from relevant authorities and more importantly from environment regulatory authorities (Mathews, et al. 2015, p.77). The other important requirement is to file tax returns in good time and also pay such liabilities within the stipulated timeframe. Red Bull Company fulfills all these requirements in totality (Camillo, et al. 2013, p.183). Ecological As indicated above, there are environmental obligations that packaging companies need to observe. The rules require firms to ensure that their operations do not compromise the integrity of the environment. For instance, there are rules that...

How Much Are Your Books Worth

If you’re an avid reader, you may at one point find yourself with quite a collection of books. Many people like collecting older books from flea markets and antique shops but it can be hard to tell which books in your collection really have value. A rare book can sell for a substantial amount of money — but few novice collators know how to tell the difference between a nice old book and a valuable one. How to Find the Value of Books The best thing to do if you’re serious about finding out the value of your books to have a professional book appraiser or bookseller evaluate your collection. The value of  your  book depends on many things, so a professional appraisal is important — whether you are planning to sell the book or to continue collecting books of the same type. If you prefer to try to price your collection on your own, a number of notable books will give you an idea about the worth or value of your  book collection. You can find a few of the most popular books (still in print) listed in  pricing guides.   What Affects the Value of a Book? There are many factors which go into the evaluation of books or manuscripts, such as physical condition. A book that has no water damage or torn pages will be worth more than a book that was improperly stored for years. A hardcover book that still has a dust jacket will be valued  higher than one without it. Market trends will also affect the book value. If a particular author has come back in vogue, their books may be worth more suddenly. A book that had a short printing run or a particular printing error can also affect its value. A book may also be valued higher if the author has signed it.   How to Tell If a Book Is a First Edition First editions of certain books tend to be the most valuable. First edition means the book was made during the books first print run. You can usually find the print number of a book by looking at the copyright page. Sometimes, the words first edition or first print run will be listed. You can also look for a line of numbers which indicated the print run. If there is only a 1, it signifies the first printing. If this line is missing, this can also indicate its the first printing. Artists often become more popular after theyve passed on. This means that a first edition of a book which became more popular years later may have a higher value because of its originally small printing run.

Prisons And The Correctional System - 1911 Words

Jails are the washbasins of the correctional system. They are the oldest of the correctional components and yet it still has a difficult mission and role while having to be diverse. Jails hold a variety of inmates, those who have been arrested, detained pending trial, sentenced to short terms of confinement for minor crimes, and those being held for administrative transfer to another unit. These facilities face issues such as dealing with unknown offenders, managing medical problems and detoxifications and still provide the court with security and transportation for inmates. Jails were first created in England and originally used in detaining offenders who were awaiting trial. These jails were used to house the poor, and occasionally the mentally ill. The early jails had miserable conditions to contend with such as filth, violence, poor food, and very little medical care. To counter this, the Penitentiary Act was drafted. It created four requirements for jails: safe, sanitary conditions, routine and systematic inspections, inmates were no longer charged fees to be there, and it became mandatory for inmates to be confined to their cells but to be out in the common areas during the day. This act also detailed the requirements for diets, hygiene and uniforms for the inmates (University of Phoenix, 2011). Early jails in the United States followed the English model and were used primarily to house those inmates that were awaiting trial. The typical punishment for a crime was aShow MoreRelatedPrison Overcrowding And California s Correctional System1651 Words   |  7 PagesPrison overcrowding has caused many complications to California’s Correctional System. 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To illustrate this point, Team C will summarize the department’s job description for Correctional Officer, including position details, job duties, performance standards, and job factors. The team willRead MorePurpose of Prisons in the USA771 Words   |  3 PagesPurpose of prisons in the USA The correctional systems in America are facilities that deal with people who have been convicted of crimes. It is argued that the main purpose of correctional system is the separation of criminals from the rest of the society. The correctional system is part of the criminal-justice system that provides housing and other programs for those convicted for crimes that deems it necessary for the offender to loose freedom. This paper will look at the purpose of prisons and if

Anorexia Nervosa (1309 words) Essay Example For Students

Anorexia Nervosa (1309 words) Essay Anorexia NervosaCauses, Symptoms, Complications and Treatments for the eating disorder Anorexia Nervosa. Eating disorders are devastating behavioral maladies brought on by a complex interplay of factors, which may include emotional and personality disorder, family pressure, a possible genetic or biological susceptibility and a culture in which there is an over abundance of food and an obsession with thinness. Eating disorders are generally characterized as bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa and eating disorders not other wise specified. According to the World of Psychology anorexia is defined as an eating disorder characterized by an overwhelming, irrational fear of being fat, compulsive dieting to the point of self starvation and excessive weight loss.(World of Psychology Page 317). There are some causes, symptoms, complications and treatment of anorexia nervosa. There is no single cause for the eating disorder anorexia but a number of factors including emotional disorders and cultural influences. Researchers have shown that emotional disorders such as depression collaborate in causing anorexia nervosa. This is because most anorexic patients have been found to have abnormal levels of certain neurotransmitters particularly serotonin, that are associated with depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. According to a research conducted by Dr. John .E. Godine of Harvard Medical School studies are finding that low blood levels of amino acid tryptophan, a component in food that is essential to the production of serotonin, can produce depression and may also contribute to anorexia nervosa (Psychology Today Page 17, May 97). Researches have also shown that changes in seasons affects both depression and eating disorders and also that onset of anorexia appears to peak in May, which is also a peak month for suicide. Anxiety disorders are also very co mmon with anorexia. Phobias and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) usually precede the onset of the eating disorder, while panic disorder tends to follow. Studies have shown that people with anorexia are especially prone to obsessive compulsive disorder. Cultural influences can also cause anorexia as can be seen in most western cultures. The social pressures of western cultures certainly play a major role in triggering eating disorders such as anorexia. On the other hand, advertisers heavily market weight reductions programs and present anorexic young models as the paradigm of sexual desirability and on the other hand again, the media floods the public with ads for junk food. According to the World of Psychology over the past quarter century, the ideal female figure as portrayed in the media and by fashion and entertainment industries, has become even thinner, often to the point of emancipation(World of Psychology Page 317). Due to cultural influences in a country where obesity is epidemic, young women who achieve thinness believe they have accomplished a major cultural and personal victory; they have overcome the temptations of junk food and at the same time, created an image idealized by the media. This false sense of accomplishmen t is often reinforced by the envy of their heavier friends who may perceive anorexic patients as being stronger and more sexually attractive than they are. The media definitely plays a major role in the cause of anorexia. According to the World of Psychology It is difficult to pinpoint the cause of this disorder. More anorexic individuals are well-behaved and academically successful(The World of Psychology Page 371). Some investigators even believe that young women who refuse to eat are attempting to control a portion of their lives, which they feel unable to control in most situations(Psychology Today, May 98). The symptoms of anorexia vary since most women with the disorder keep it a secret but the major symptom is the change in size. According to an article from WebMd the primary symptom of anorexia is major weight loss from excessive and continuos dieting which may either be restrictive dieting or binge-eating and purging(www.webmd.com). The feet and hands of the anorexic patient may be cold or swollen sometimes. The stomach is often distressed after eating and is often bloated. Thinking may be confused or slowed, and an anorexic patient may have poor memory and judgement. Again all of these symptoms vary from individuals as could be seen in young women who have diabetes and anorexia. Such people may have a normal weight or even be overweight but still anorexic. A study conducted by